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Fat

Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is an oil made from the livers of cod. It supplies omega-3 fats along with vitamins A and D.

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Why pregnancy changes the choice

The NHS advises against cod liver oil during pregnancy because it contains vitamin A as retinol; too much can harm the developing baby. A product’s reputation as a vitamin D source does not remove that concern. 1

Digestive effects and medicines

Omega-3 supplements can cause heartburn, nausea or diarrhea. People taking anticoagulants such as warfarin should discuss possible interactions with their clinician; NIH notes that monitoring may be appropriate, although clinically significant bleeding has not generally increased in studies. 2

For information, not individual medical advice. Ingredient studies do not establish the effectiveness of these products.

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