Fennel
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is an aromatic plant of the carrot family from the Mediterranean. Its seeds are used as a spice and in herbal teas.
Also listed as Foeniculum vulgare, Fennel Seed, Fennel Seed Powder, Fennel Seed Extract
Why estragole matters
In its 2025 draft assessment, EFSA identified estragole in fennel-seed preparations as a substance that can damage DNA and cause cancer. It could not establish a safe exposure level and highlighted infants, young children, pregnancy and breastfeeding. This was a draft risk assessment, not evidence that a particular cup of tea caused cancer. 1
Who needs particular care?
EMA’s 2024 monograph does not recommend medicinal use during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or in children under four. Use at ages four to twelve is subject to estragole-exposure restrictions. 2
Fennel can also cause allergic skin or respiratory reactions. 3
For information, not individual medical advice. Ingredient studies do not establish the effectiveness of these products.